Essay about Narrative on Frederick Douglass - 1322 Words

Narrative on Frederick Douglass Slavery was perhaps one of the most appalling tragedies in the history of The United States of America. To tell the people of the terrible facts, runaway slaves wrote their accounts of slavery down on paper and published it for the nation to read. Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs were just two of the many slaves who did this. Each of the slaves had different experiences with slavery, but they all had one thing in common: they tell of the abominable institution of slavery and how greatly it affected their lives. When Douglass was seven years old, he was sent to a new master and mistress, Hugh and Sophia Auld. Sophia was a very kind and affectionate woman, probably one of the nicest people Douglass†¦show more content†¦It was then that he became aware of his current status: a lowly slave that was considered to be a chattel. And it was then that he wanted his freedom. Meanwhile, the venom slave owner began to poison Sophia?s kind nature. Sadly, Douglass was once again a pi ece of meat and he no longer viewed the black race as one of the whites. Also, his views for white slave owners changed similarly; his heart was filled with abhorrence for them (Douglass 42). There were many times when Douglass thought about running away to become a free man, but there were few times when he was really determined to fulfill the risky and dangerous task. One of the few times came during the year when he worked for Edward Covey. Douglass became a field hand for the first time in his life. It was one of the few times he felt like a slave. He was not skilled in the backbreaking work required of him. Covey was a harsh and brutal slaveholder. Mr. Covey made his slaves work in all weathers. It was never too hot or too cold; it could never rain, blow, hail, or snow, too hard in the field (Douglass 66). And if it wasn?t work, work, work, it was beatings, beatings, and beatings. Douglass was often whipped and battered for not working ?hard enough.? Under Covey, Douglass and t he other slaves were treated as the lowlifes of society, as low as horses and pigs. After six months under Covey, Douglass lost interest in reading and theShow MoreRelatedThe Narrative Of Frederick Douglass1132 Words   |  5 PagesThe narrative begins with Douglass being oblivious to the identity of his father. This theme of Frederick Douglass being young and naà ¯ve is continued throughout the beginning. The idea of slaves being young and naà ¯ve is seen in almost all slave narratives. One of the ways slave owners kept slaves captive is through keeping the slaves ignorant. It is nearly impossible for a slave to escape slavery if they cannot read and write. Slave owners knew how impossible this was so they kept them ignorant,Read MoreThe Narrative Of Frederick Douglass1835 Words   |  8 PagesIn Frederick Douglass article Figuring out how to Read and Write he clarifies the imperative part instruction plays in a man s life, and the things that you can achieve by figuring out h ow to peruse and compose. Figuring out how to make a contention did offer Douglass some assistance with obtaining his flexibility, as well as offered different slaves some assistance with getting their opportunity and annul subjugation. We can say that Douglass was fortunate he was taught by his paramour andRead MoreTrickery in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass1880 Words   |  8 PagesAfrican-Americans and thus they do not survive. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, Douglass harnesses the ability to conform to the world of trickery and conveys his journey to freedom. Through his appeal to pathos, use of dramatic asides, and application of anecdotes, Douglass expresses the necessity of slaves to play the game of trickery to survive in the world of tricksters. Effectively establishing an appeal to pathos, Douglass emphasize his raw emotions to the readerRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1581 Words   |  6 PagesPatrick Henry once said, â€Å"give me liberty, or give me death.† In the eyes of Frederick Douglass and countless others enslaved, this took on a much deeper meaning to them. â€Å"It was doubtful liberty at most, and almost certain death is we failed.† [51] Frederick Douglass was one of the most commonly known slaves to have existed. Slavery has been around since the 1700s, but the subject of slavery is controversial because it not only includes information written from former slaves, but information acquiredRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthat one of the most essential mean s of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose the truth behind slavery

Understanding Deaf And American Sign Language - 1831 Words

While attending high school, I was seeking a foreign language to take. I had learned Spanish at a young age from my family, my two choices were French and American Sign Language, if you read the title of this paper you can safely assume that I chose the alternative. American Sign Language intrigued me at a young age when my father gave me a sign language book that illustrated some simple terms, ever since then it had always been a desire of mine to learn American Sign Language. With that being said, when I first started sign language class in high school the teacher made it the classes’ primary objective to understand the history of deaf culture. I soon learned that understanding deaf culture is essential in being able to effectively†¦show more content†¦Most often culturally deaf are either raised by a family with a deaf presence or they lost the hearing early on and were exposed to the culture. On the other end of the spectrum, usually deaf individuals that don†™t identify with the deaf culture typically have lost their hearing later in life or have been raised by a family that does not know American Sign Language. According to a study out of Gallaudet â€Å"across all age groups, approximately 600,000 people in the United States (0.22% of the population, or 2.2 per 1,000) are deaf† (Cole, Gallaudet University). What data is more difficult to retrieve is the amount of culturally deaf people there are in the United States, and how many are just simply deaf, this is because there are clear variances between the two that you would may not be able to experience when communicating with a deaf individual in American Sign Language, let alone conduct a study on with essential data. Now that it has been clearly established that there is deaf culture, lets discuss why deaf people are a minority group worthy of further research and to be the epicenter of a project like this one. Deaf individuals are singled out every day for not being able to communicate in the manner that the majority of people do, though even within deaf communities there are very diverse groups. As pointed out by Author Padden and Humphries: â€Å"Even within the population of Deaf people who use ASL, not surprisingly, there isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Deafness On Deaf Children1669 Words   |  7 Pagesloss. The term Deaf is considered to be a disability solely on the fact that an individual who is Deaf is not â€Å"normal† due to their hearing loss. Most individuals do not believe that there are any benefits or positives from being Deaf, nor do they believe that a Deaf individual will ever be able to live a happy and fulfilled life. Deaf individuals do not view themselves as disabled nor do they view their lives as a loss, rather they view their Deafness as a Gain. This is called Deaf Gain, meaningRead MoreDeafness Has Been A Negative Label. Being Deaf Is Considered1528 Words   |  7 PagesDeafness has been a negative label. Being Deaf is considered to be a disability solely on the belief that an individual who is Deaf is not â€Å"normal† due to their hearing loss. Most individuals do not believe that there are any benefits or positives from being Deaf, nor do they believe that a Deaf individual will ever be able to live a happy and fulfilled life. However, Deaf individuals do not view themselves as disabled nor do they view their lives lacking anything, rather they view their DeafnessRead MoreI Am A Future Speech Language Pathologist1307 Words   |  6 Pagesfuture Speech Language Pathologist, I cannot in good conscience continue without having a decent knowledge of basic conversational American Sign Language (ASL). Before I chose this career my parents took the time to educate me in the ABCs and simple signs, I have continued to learn more as time has gone on. Even with my limited knowledge it has already helped me greatly through out my professional career. However ASL is not always beneficial, primarily with those who are born deaf or hard of hearingRead MoreHow the Deaf Communicate in a Hearing World Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pageshearing world and a deaf one. One wo rld is capable of hearing and the other involves no incoming source of sound whatsoever. Understanding how deaf culture and how the hard of hearing work and live is important in order to comprehend the reasons behind why they do the certain things they do such as stare at others for a long period of time or the reason why they perceive situations that they are placed in. In the world of the deaf, one who has been labeled with the term â€Å"deaf† has little to no meaningRead More The Deaf in Society Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe Deaf Community Imagine if you could never experience the sound of your favorite song on the radio. Or you could never hear the voice of a family member wishing you happy birthday. Since these situations are typical we may take them for granted. But these every day scenarios will never be part of a deaf persons life. One out of thousand infants will be born deaf every year, (Deaf Understanding). Most people dont realize the giant impact of the deaf in our society. Deaf persons canRead MoreChloe Ziff . Professor Gary Rosenblatt. April 13, 2017.991 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Gary Rosenblatt April 13, 2017 American Sign Language II Seeing Voices By Oliver Sacks Seeing Voices is a profound novel that was written by famous neurologist,  Oliver Sacks in 1989. Seeing Voices is a book that delves into the history of Sign Language and expresses a genuine meaning behind what language truly is.   Oliver Sacks is an engaging and fascinating writer. Being able to explore outside what he is used to, he can expand his knowledge about language. Being knowledgeable on psychiatryRead MoreThe Importance Of Deaf Culture1445 Words   |  6 Pageslearning about the hallmarks of Deaf culture such as â€Å"language, heritage art and history†, I began wondering about how the historical significance of each one impacted the modern choices of Deaf individuals (Holcomb 17). Our textbook Introduction to American Deaf Culture makes references to how important American Sign Language is to define the Deaf community which leaves me wondering how strong the foundation of Deaf culture would be if based on heritage rather than on language. Being Jewish I never learnedRead MoreDevelopment and Deaf Children Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant early exposure is for deaf children (Drasgow 1998). Unlike hearing children who are exposed to language early in the womb, deaf children get their exposure to language at birth (Drasgow 1998). Drasgow explains that studies show the earlier language is developed the higher children excel in language skills (Drasgow 1998). Deaf children born to deaf parents will acquire language as easily as hearing child born to hearing parents develops a spoken language (Drasgow 1998). It is vital forRead MoreImpressions of the Deaf Culture and Community Essay725 Words   |  3 PagesAbstract The deaf culture is one that I am not familiar with. No one in my immediate family or none of my close friends are deaf so I have not been exposed to it during my lifetime. I decided to take an American Sign Language course in high school to not only learn the language, but to learn about the deaf culture as well. I would like to someday be fluent in sign language so that I can cater to the deaf community while conducting business. Conducting research, I learned a lot about to deaf communityRead MoreDeaf Perceptions Of The Deaf1510 Words   |  7 PagesDeaf Perceptions of Animacy Deaf culture has long been misunderstood and misrepresented within America, in part due to the significant language barrier between the American Deaf and their hearing counterparts. Though it is often thought to be nothing more than an elevated form of charades, American Sign Language (ASL) is a language like any other- not only with its own grammatical syntax, phonology, and morphology, but also in its compliance to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Created by Edward Sapir

Law and Freedom free essay sample

The concept of freedom has been a highly debated topic since the creation of the constitution in the sasss. Freedom can be defined in many different ways. In each definition, one commonality is apparent. Everyone is seeking freedom although has it ever actually been obtained? Is it possible to reach a state of being completely free? Of course not. Being free means having no limits or restrictions. In our world today freedom is only an idea, an unreachable concept that is constantly being chased. Freedom is not a distinct idea. Its meaning to one person may be completely different to another. The state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint. , and Exemption from external control, interference, regulation, etc. are two definitions that are given for freedom at Dictionary. Com. To me, freedom is the capability to express oneself. To be able to make choices on where you live, what books to read, what music to listen to, and which religion to believe in. We will write a custom essay sample on Law and Freedom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Freedom can also be referred to as free hand and opportunity. Free hand is the freedom to act ND make decisions. That statement helped me define my concept of freedom.With the absence of the ability to make decisions and act in favor of your beliefs, freedom would not exist. Opportunity is a synonym for freedom, and without it freedom would be inexistent. When someone is restricted from living their own life, fulfilling their own dreams, and making their own decisions, they are not free. The components of freedom are democracy, constitution, and citizens. A democracy must be put into place so the opinion of the citizens Is considered, as well as maintaining a peaceful state. Having a democracy will also assure that the majority will rule and the minority will be heard.The United States has had many proposed bills shut down because they have violated the rights guaranteed to the people by the constitution. This Is why I believe that a constitution Is one of the mall components to freedom; one of Its main purposes Is protecting It. Without a constitution, citizens of our country would have such a frightening lack of rights. The final component necessary for freedom are the citizens. Without the citizens, there would not be a point of having a constitution cause there wouldnt be anyone to establish or fight for freedom.These components help me live my everyday life. The constitution sets out guidelines for the government and for the citizens. The constitution gives the citizens a right to be free and express themselves without any kind of Judgment or consequence. These three parts of freedom allow society to express Ideas, beliefs, values, and be happy. Freedom Is not the Inability to express personal beliefs and nor Is It easy to obtain. Freedom does not exist In communist isosceles were a person has to watch what they ay about the government. Many people feel differently about the meaning of freedom. Some may believe that they are In fact free. Others feel that complete freedom Is Inevitable. In my pollen, a free state would only cause chaos and possibly destruction. The free excellent has the ability to make pollens and act according to his or her own free will to achieve happiness. It Is Impossible to allow every citizen of a country to be free because they would eventually Infringe on the freedoms of others. Freedom Is a concept, an Idea, It Is not tangible, nor Is It a reality. Ace so the opinion of the citizens is considered, as well as maintaining a peaceful they have violated the rights guaranteed to the people by the constitution. This is why I believe that a constitution is one of the main components to freedom; one of its main purposes is protecting it. Without a constitution, citizens of our country would because there wouldnt be anyone to establish or fight for freedom. These three parts of freedom allow society to express ideas, beliefs, values, and be happy. Freedom is not the inability to express personal beliefs and nor is it easy to obtain.Freedom does not exist in communist societies were a person has to watch what they freedom. Some may believe that they are in fact free. Others feel that complete freedom is inevitable. In my opinion, a free state would only cause chaos and possibly destruction. The free citizen has the ability to make opinions and act according to his or her own free will to achieve happiness. It is impossible to allow every citizen of a country to be free because they would eventually infringe on the freedoms of others. Freedom is a concept, an idea, it is not tangible, nor is it a reality.

The role of Women in Frankenstein

Introduction Mary Shelley began her writing career at the tender age of 10 years. This was partly due to the influence of her father William Godwin who was an established writer and a political journalist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of Women in Frankenstein specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mary’s mother, Mary Wollstonecraft had died when her daughter was only ten days old owing to childbirth complications. Mary’s labor pains had lasted a record 18 hours and required four more hours to remove the afterbirth. After her demise, the young child who had been named after her late mother grew up under the custodian of her father and his friends. At a young age of 21 years, Mary’s first book Frankenstein was published and it became an instant success. This was partly due to its representation of the feminine gender. Mary borrowed heavily from the writings of her mother who had also been an established writer. All the women in Frankenstein are presented as being beautiful, submissive and virtuous regardless of the position they hold in the society. The first female character that the writer introduces to us is Caroline Beaufort. This character is used as a representation of the other female characters in the novel. When we meet Caroline, she is tending to her invalid father â€Å"with the greatest tenderness.† This means that Caroline is a dedicated woman who is ready to help her family members. After the death of her father, Caroline’s courage rises â€Å"to support her in adversity.† This shows that the woman presented to us has a strong character that enables her to deal with the enormous loss in her life. This lack of weakness in her character leads Frankenstein’s father to marry her. Caroline’s ability to evoke love from those around her becomes a common trait among all the women in the narration. Frankenstein’s father seems to have a kind of â€Å"reverence† for her virtues something that suggests to us that she must have been a religious person. Her strong character is displayed even at the point of her death. This demonstrates how women conducted themselves in trying moments. According to the writer, their â€Å"fortitude and benignity† does not leave them even when they are staring death. Another woman whom we encounter in the novel is Elizabeth. From the description that we first get of her, one does not fail to realize that Elizabeth has the same character as Beaufort. Elizabeth introduces her as â€Å"a being heaven sent,† which implies that she is a great help to her and her family. In fact, Beaufort continues to claim that Elizabeth is a blessing to the whole family. Her complexion and beauty which is â€Å"fairer than pictured cherub† does not blur her character.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your f irst paper with 15% OFF Learn More What the writer wants to bring out in this passage is that the women in question lean more on their character than their beauty. One thing that we learn through Elizabeth and Frankenstein’s mother is that the women in the book heavily rely on the men in their lives for provision. By the time that this book was published, women were less valued in the society and this might be one reason why the writer chose to present women as playing supportive roles to men. Frankenstein confesses that he looked â€Å"upon Elizabeth as mine,† showing how women were viewed as men’s property at the time. This desire for the woman to be owned proves that they were weak in the physical sense. Even though they had a strong character, they still needed the assurance of a man. The final female character whom we encounter in the book is Justine. Justine is Frankenstein’s house cleaner and she represents the ideal misrepresentation of w omen in the book. While Elizabeth is still alive, she refers to Justine as â€Å"softness and winning mildness.† It is fascinating to notice how a woman heaps praise on another for her submissiveness. In fact, all the women in the book are praised for their passive nature and especially toward men and the authority. When Justine is taken to court for a crime that she has not committed, she gladly accepts her punishment although she knows that she is innocent of any wrongdoing. This passiveness in her nature can either be looked on the angle of her being a woman or for being a lowly house cleaner. During the time, the rich despised the lower class and women were considered as second-class citizens. This combination might have contributed to the passiveness witnessed in all the women in the story. Like all the other women, Justine is presented as â€Å"very clever and gentle, and extremely pretty.† Despite her beauty, she still maintains her character, which is more desi rable among the women. Conclusion The view of women is a key component of the book. All the women in the book are presented as possessing physical beauty but they disregard it in favour of their spiritual and inner beauty. The writer of the book presents women as submissive creatures who rely on men for provision and protection. By looking at the upbringing of Shelley, one fails to understand where she drew her inspiration from since she grew in a very different background where she had to fight to get everything. One therefore realizes that the writer must have been avoiding risking disagreements just for the sake of it. The female characters therefore help us to understand the character of Frankenstein and to provoke the reader tragedy of him.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of Women in Frankenstein specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The role of Women in Frankenstein was written and submitted by user Selena Kirk to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese Explorer

Biography of Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese Explorer Ferdinand Magellan (February 3, 1480–April 27, 1521), a Portuguese explorer, set sail in September 1519 with a fleet of five Spanish ships in an attempt to find the Spice Islands by heading west. Although Magellan died during the journey, he is credited with the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Fast Facts: Ferdinand Magellan Known For: Portuguese explorer credited with circumnavigating the EarthAlso Known As: Fernando de MagallanesBorn: February 3, 1480 in Sabrosa,  PortugalParents: Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita (m. 1517–1521)Died: April 27, 1521 in the Kingdom of  Mactan (now  Lapu-Lapu City,  Philippines)Awards and Honors: The Order of Magellan was established in 1902 to honor those who have circumnavigated the Earth.Spouse: Marà ­a Caldera Beatriz BarbosaChildren: Rodrigo de Magalhes, Carlos de MagalhesNotable Quote: â€Å"The church says the earth is flat; but I have seen its shadow on the moon, and I have more confidence even in a shadow than in the church.† Early Years and Voyages Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in Sabrosa, Portugal, to Rui de Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita. Because his family had ties to the royal family, Magellan became a page to the Portuguese queen after his parents untimely deaths in 1490. This position as a page allowed Magellan the opportunity to become educated and learn about the various Portuguese exploration expeditions- possibly even those conducted by Christopher Columbus. Magellan took part in his first sea voyage in 1505 when Portugal sent him to India to help install Francisco de Almeida as the Portuguese viceroy. He also experienced his first battle there in 1509 when one of the local kings rejected the practice of paying tribute to the new viceroy. From here, however, Magellan lost the viceroy Almeidas support after he took leave without permission and was accused of illegally trading with the Moors. After some of the accusations were proven to be true, Magellan lost all offers of employment from the Portuguese after 1514. The Spanish and the Spice Islands Around this same time, the Spanish were engaged in trying to find a new route to the Spice Islands (the East Indies, in present-day Indonesia) after the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world in half in 1494. The dividing line for this treaty went through the Atlantic Ocean and Spain got the lands west of the line, including the Americas. Brazil, however, went to Portugal as did everything east of the line, including India and the eastern half of Africa. Similar to his predecessor Columbus, Magellan believed that the Spice Islands could be reached by sailing west through the New World. He proposed this idea to Manuel I, the Portuguese king, but was rejected. Looking for support, Magellan moved on to share his plan with the Spanish king. On March 22, 1518, Charles I was persuaded by Magellan and granted him a large sum of money to find a route to the Spice Islands by sailing west, thereby giving Spain control of the area, since it would in effect be west of the dividing line through the Atlantic. Using these generous funds, Magellan set sail going west toward the Spice Islands in September 1519 with five ships (the Conception, the San Antonio, the Santiago, the Trinidad, and the Victoria) and 270 men. The Early Portion of the Voyage Since Magellan was a Portuguese explorer in charge of a Spanish fleet, the early part of the voyage to the west was riddled with problems. Several of the Spanish captains on the ships in the expedition plotted to kill him, but none of their plans succeeded. Many of these mutineers were held prisoner and/or executed. In addition, Magellan had to avoid Portuguese territory since he was sailing for Spain. After months of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, the fleet anchored at what is today Rio de Janeiro to restock its supplies on December 13, 1519. From there, they moved down the coast of South America looking for a way into the Pacific. As they sailed farther south, however, the weather got worse, so the crew anchored in Patagonia (southern South America) to wait out the winter. As the weather began to ease in the spring, Magellan sent the Santiago on a mission to look for a way through to the Pacific Ocean. In May, the ship was wrecked and the fleet did not move again until August 1520. Then, after months of exploring the area, the remaining four ships found a strait in October and sailed through it. This portion of the journey took 38 days, cost them the San Antonio (because its crew decided to abandon the expedition) and a large amount of supplies. Nevertheless, at the end of November, the remaining three ships exited what Magellan named the Strait of All Saints and sailed into the Pacific Ocean. Later Voyage and Death From here, Magellan mistakenly thought it would only take a few days to reach the Spice Islands, when it instead took four months, during which time his crew suffered immensely. They began to starve as their food supplies were depleted, their water turned putrid, and many of the men developed scurvy. The crew was able to stop at a nearby island in January 1521 to eat fish and seabirds, but their supplies were not adequately restocked until March when they stopped in Guam. On March 28, they landed in the Philippines and befriended a tribal king, Rajah Humabon of Cebu Island. After spending time with the king, Magellan and his crew were persuaded into helping the tribe kill their enemy Lapu-Lapu on Mactan Island. On April 27, 1521, Magellan took part in the Battle of Mactan and was killed by Lapu-Lapus army. After Magellans death, Sebastian del Cano had the Conception burned (so it could not be used against them by the locals) and took over the two remaining ships and 117 crewmembers. To ensure that one ship would make it back to Spain, the Trinidad headed east while the Victoria continued west. The Trinidad was seized by the Portuguese on its return journey, but on September 6, 1522, the Victoria and only 18 surviving crew members returned to Spain, completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Legacy Though Magellan died before the voyage was completed, he is often credited with the first circumnavigation of the Earth as he initially led the voyage. He also discovered what is now called the Strait of Magellan and named both the Pacific Ocean and South Americas Tierra del Fuego. Magellanic Clouds in space were also named for him, as his crew was the first to view them while sailing in the Southern Hemisphere. Most important to geography though, was Magellan’s realization of the full extent of the Earth- something that significantly aided to the development of later geographic exploration and the resulting knowledge of the world today. Sources Editors, History.com. â€Å"Ferdinand Magellan.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009.â€Å"The Ages of Exploration.†Ã‚  Exploration.marinersmuseum.org.Burgan, Michael.  Magellan: Ferdinand Magellan and the First Trip Around the World. Mankato: Capstone Publishers, 2001.

What Fail to Reject Means in a Hypothesis Test

What 'Fail to Reject' Means in a Hypothesis Test In statistics, scientists can perform a number of different significance tests to determine if there is a relationship between two phenomena. One of the first they usually perform is a null hypothesis test. In short, the null hypothesis states that there is no meaningful relationship between two measured phenomena. After a performing a test, scientists can: Reject the null hypothesis (meaning there is a definite, consequential relationship between the two phenomena), or Fail to reject the null hypothesis (meaning the test has not identified a consequential relationship between the two phenomena) Key Takeaways: The Null Hypothesis In a test of significance, the null hypothesis states that there is no meaningful relationship between two measured phenomena. By comparing the null hypothesis to an alternative hypothesis, scientists can either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis cannot be positively proven. Rather, all that scientists can determine from a test of significance is that the evidence collected does or does not disprove the null hypothesis. It is important to note that a failure to reject does not mean that the null hypothesis is true- only that the test did not prove it to be false. In some cases, depending on the experiment, a relationship may exist between two phenomena that is not identified by the experiment. In such cases, new experiments must be designed to rule out alternative hypotheses. Null vs. Alternative Hypothesis The null hypothesis is considered the default in a scientific experiment. In contrast, an alternative hypothesis is one that claims that there is a meaningful relationship between two phenomena. These two competing hypotheses can be compared by performing a statistical hypothesis test, which determines whether there is a statistically significant relationship between the data. For example, scientists studying the water quality of a stream may wish to determine whether a certain chemical affects the acidity of the water. The null hypothesis- that the chemical has no effect on the water quality- can be tested by measuring the pH level of two water samples, one of which contains some of the chemical and one of which has been left untouched. If the sample with the added chemical is measurably more or less acidic- as determined through statistical analysis- it is a reason to reject the null hypothesis. If the samples acidity is unchanged, it is a reason to not reject the null hypothesis. When scientists design experiments, they attempt to find evidence for the alternative hypothesis. They do not try to prove that the null hypothesis is true. The null hypothesis is assumed to be an accurate statement until contrary evidence proves otherwise. As a result, a test of significance does not produce any evidence pertaining to the truth of the null hypothesis. Failing to Reject vs. Accept In an experiment, the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis should be carefully formulated such that one and only one of these statements is true. If the collected data supports the alternative hypothesis, then the null hypothesis can be rejected as false. However, if the data does not support the alternative hypothesis, this does not mean that the null hypothesis is true. All it means is that the null hypothesis has not been disproven- hence the term failure to reject. A failure to reject a hypothesis should not be confused with acceptance. In mathematics, negations are typically formed by simply placing the word â€Å"not† in the correct place. Using this convention, tests of significance allow scientists to either reject or not reject the null hypothesis. It sometimes takes a moment to realize that â€Å"not rejecting† is not the same as accepting. Null Hypothesis Example In many ways, the philosophy behind a test of significance is similar to that of a trial. At the beginning of the proceedings, when the defendant enters a plea of â€Å"not guilty,† it is analogous to the statement of the null hypothesis. While the defendant may indeed be innocent, there is no plea of â€Å"innocent† to be formally made in court. The alternative hypothesis of â€Å"guilty† is what the prosecutor attempts to demonstrate. The presumption at the outset of the trial is that the defendant is innocent. In theory, there is no need for the defendant to prove that he or she is innocent. The burden of proof is on the prosecuting attorney, who must marshal enough evidence to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Likewise, in a test of significance, a scientist can only reject the null hypothesis by providing evidence for the alternative hypothesis. If there is not enough evidence in a trial to demonstrate guilt, then the defendant is declared â€Å"not guilty.† This claim has nothing to do with innocence; it merely reflects the fact that the prosecution failed to provide enough evidence of guilt. In a similar way, a failure to reject the null hypothesis in a significance test does not mean that the null hypothesis is true. It only means that the scientist was unable to provide enough evidence for the alternative hypothesis. For example, scientists testing the effects of a certain pesticide on crop yields might design an experiment in which some crops are left untreated and others are treated with varying amounts of pesticide. Any result in which the crop yields varied based on pesticide exposure- assuming all other variables are equal- would provide strong evidence for the alternative hypothesis (that the pesticide does affect crop yields). As a result, the scientists would have reason to reject the null hypothesis.

The unique features of Newar Buddhism and their development Essay

The unique features of Newar Buddhism and their development - Essay Example This study will be concentrated on the special features of Newar Buddhism with regard to its organizational structure and major activities of its Sa-gha . In order to outline and evaluate the complex connections among the many important factors, this discussion shall be divided into three parts. A brief historic synopsis will give a general overview of the evolution of Buddhism in Nepal. Then the relevant features of Newar Buddhism, with respect to its own evolution, shall be presented. Finally, in the last part, there will be made an attempt to evaluate the influence of these features on the decline of Newar Buddhism. The mythology of Nepal reaches far back to countless eons, accounting for the lives of twenty-four previous mortal Buddhas4. According to the myth, the Katmandu Valley was a lake before Maà ±juÅ›rÄ « drained it with his sword to make it inhabitable. However, even in more recent times legends have remained difficult to separate from historic facts.5 The first of the five historic periods of the Katmandu Valley lasts until the 5th century AD and includes mythical and semi-mythical dynasties, such as the GopÄ la, the AhÄ «r and the KirÄ ta6. At least the KirÄ ta are known from traditional chronicles, and are said to have ruled the Katmandu Valley during the time of ÅšÄ kyamuni Buddha. The first major Indian power that recorded in relations to the Katmandu Valley was the early Gupta dynasty (1st – 4th century AD).7 Whereas Ashoka’s earlier visit to Kapilavasu in the 3rd century BC is accepted by historians, his alleged visit to the Katmandu Valley is not. The second period refers to the rule over a small area within the Katmandu Valley by the aristocratic Licchavi family (about 464 – 880 AD), which is known as the first line of Nepalese kings.8 The Chinese pilgrim Hsà ¼an-tsang recorded that various monasteries (Skt vihÄ ras) existed9 in the 7th century side by side with Hindu temples.