Biography of Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese Explorer

Biography of Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese Explorer Ferdinand Magellan (February 3, 1480–April 27, 1521), a Portuguese explorer, set sail in September 1519 with a fleet of five Spanish ships in an attempt to find the Spice Islands by heading west. Although Magellan died during the journey, he is credited with the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Fast Facts: Ferdinand Magellan Known For: Portuguese explorer credited with circumnavigating the EarthAlso Known As: Fernando de MagallanesBorn: February 3, 1480 in Sabrosa,  PortugalParents: Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita (m. 1517–1521)Died: April 27, 1521 in the Kingdom of  Mactan (now  Lapu-Lapu City,  Philippines)Awards and Honors: The Order of Magellan was established in 1902 to honor those who have circumnavigated the Earth.Spouse: Marà ­a Caldera Beatriz BarbosaChildren: Rodrigo de Magalhes, Carlos de MagalhesNotable Quote: â€Å"The church says the earth is flat; but I have seen its shadow on the moon, and I have more confidence even in a shadow than in the church.† Early Years and Voyages Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1480 in Sabrosa, Portugal, to Rui de Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita. Because his family had ties to the royal family, Magellan became a page to the Portuguese queen after his parents untimely deaths in 1490. This position as a page allowed Magellan the opportunity to become educated and learn about the various Portuguese exploration expeditions- possibly even those conducted by Christopher Columbus. Magellan took part in his first sea voyage in 1505 when Portugal sent him to India to help install Francisco de Almeida as the Portuguese viceroy. He also experienced his first battle there in 1509 when one of the local kings rejected the practice of paying tribute to the new viceroy. From here, however, Magellan lost the viceroy Almeidas support after he took leave without permission and was accused of illegally trading with the Moors. After some of the accusations were proven to be true, Magellan lost all offers of employment from the Portuguese after 1514. The Spanish and the Spice Islands Around this same time, the Spanish were engaged in trying to find a new route to the Spice Islands (the East Indies, in present-day Indonesia) after the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world in half in 1494. The dividing line for this treaty went through the Atlantic Ocean and Spain got the lands west of the line, including the Americas. Brazil, however, went to Portugal as did everything east of the line, including India and the eastern half of Africa. Similar to his predecessor Columbus, Magellan believed that the Spice Islands could be reached by sailing west through the New World. He proposed this idea to Manuel I, the Portuguese king, but was rejected. Looking for support, Magellan moved on to share his plan with the Spanish king. On March 22, 1518, Charles I was persuaded by Magellan and granted him a large sum of money to find a route to the Spice Islands by sailing west, thereby giving Spain control of the area, since it would in effect be west of the dividing line through the Atlantic. Using these generous funds, Magellan set sail going west toward the Spice Islands in September 1519 with five ships (the Conception, the San Antonio, the Santiago, the Trinidad, and the Victoria) and 270 men. The Early Portion of the Voyage Since Magellan was a Portuguese explorer in charge of a Spanish fleet, the early part of the voyage to the west was riddled with problems. Several of the Spanish captains on the ships in the expedition plotted to kill him, but none of their plans succeeded. Many of these mutineers were held prisoner and/or executed. In addition, Magellan had to avoid Portuguese territory since he was sailing for Spain. After months of sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, the fleet anchored at what is today Rio de Janeiro to restock its supplies on December 13, 1519. From there, they moved down the coast of South America looking for a way into the Pacific. As they sailed farther south, however, the weather got worse, so the crew anchored in Patagonia (southern South America) to wait out the winter. As the weather began to ease in the spring, Magellan sent the Santiago on a mission to look for a way through to the Pacific Ocean. In May, the ship was wrecked and the fleet did not move again until August 1520. Then, after months of exploring the area, the remaining four ships found a strait in October and sailed through it. This portion of the journey took 38 days, cost them the San Antonio (because its crew decided to abandon the expedition) and a large amount of supplies. Nevertheless, at the end of November, the remaining three ships exited what Magellan named the Strait of All Saints and sailed into the Pacific Ocean. Later Voyage and Death From here, Magellan mistakenly thought it would only take a few days to reach the Spice Islands, when it instead took four months, during which time his crew suffered immensely. They began to starve as their food supplies were depleted, their water turned putrid, and many of the men developed scurvy. The crew was able to stop at a nearby island in January 1521 to eat fish and seabirds, but their supplies were not adequately restocked until March when they stopped in Guam. On March 28, they landed in the Philippines and befriended a tribal king, Rajah Humabon of Cebu Island. After spending time with the king, Magellan and his crew were persuaded into helping the tribe kill their enemy Lapu-Lapu on Mactan Island. On April 27, 1521, Magellan took part in the Battle of Mactan and was killed by Lapu-Lapus army. After Magellans death, Sebastian del Cano had the Conception burned (so it could not be used against them by the locals) and took over the two remaining ships and 117 crewmembers. To ensure that one ship would make it back to Spain, the Trinidad headed east while the Victoria continued west. The Trinidad was seized by the Portuguese on its return journey, but on September 6, 1522, the Victoria and only 18 surviving crew members returned to Spain, completing the first circumnavigation of the Earth. Legacy Though Magellan died before the voyage was completed, he is often credited with the first circumnavigation of the Earth as he initially led the voyage. He also discovered what is now called the Strait of Magellan and named both the Pacific Ocean and South Americas Tierra del Fuego. Magellanic Clouds in space were also named for him, as his crew was the first to view them while sailing in the Southern Hemisphere. Most important to geography though, was Magellan’s realization of the full extent of the Earth- something that significantly aided to the development of later geographic exploration and the resulting knowledge of the world today. Sources Editors, History.com. â€Å"Ferdinand Magellan.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009.â€Å"The Ages of Exploration.†Ã‚  Exploration.marinersmuseum.org.Burgan, Michael.  Magellan: Ferdinand Magellan and the First Trip Around the World. Mankato: Capstone Publishers, 2001.

What Fail to Reject Means in a Hypothesis Test

What 'Fail to Reject' Means in a Hypothesis Test In statistics, scientists can perform a number of different significance tests to determine if there is a relationship between two phenomena. One of the first they usually perform is a null hypothesis test. In short, the null hypothesis states that there is no meaningful relationship between two measured phenomena. After a performing a test, scientists can: Reject the null hypothesis (meaning there is a definite, consequential relationship between the two phenomena), or Fail to reject the null hypothesis (meaning the test has not identified a consequential relationship between the two phenomena) Key Takeaways: The Null Hypothesis In a test of significance, the null hypothesis states that there is no meaningful relationship between two measured phenomena. By comparing the null hypothesis to an alternative hypothesis, scientists can either reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis cannot be positively proven. Rather, all that scientists can determine from a test of significance is that the evidence collected does or does not disprove the null hypothesis. It is important to note that a failure to reject does not mean that the null hypothesis is true- only that the test did not prove it to be false. In some cases, depending on the experiment, a relationship may exist between two phenomena that is not identified by the experiment. In such cases, new experiments must be designed to rule out alternative hypotheses. Null vs. Alternative Hypothesis The null hypothesis is considered the default in a scientific experiment. In contrast, an alternative hypothesis is one that claims that there is a meaningful relationship between two phenomena. These two competing hypotheses can be compared by performing a statistical hypothesis test, which determines whether there is a statistically significant relationship between the data. For example, scientists studying the water quality of a stream may wish to determine whether a certain chemical affects the acidity of the water. The null hypothesis- that the chemical has no effect on the water quality- can be tested by measuring the pH level of two water samples, one of which contains some of the chemical and one of which has been left untouched. If the sample with the added chemical is measurably more or less acidic- as determined through statistical analysis- it is a reason to reject the null hypothesis. If the samples acidity is unchanged, it is a reason to not reject the null hypothesis. When scientists design experiments, they attempt to find evidence for the alternative hypothesis. They do not try to prove that the null hypothesis is true. The null hypothesis is assumed to be an accurate statement until contrary evidence proves otherwise. As a result, a test of significance does not produce any evidence pertaining to the truth of the null hypothesis. Failing to Reject vs. Accept In an experiment, the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis should be carefully formulated such that one and only one of these statements is true. If the collected data supports the alternative hypothesis, then the null hypothesis can be rejected as false. However, if the data does not support the alternative hypothesis, this does not mean that the null hypothesis is true. All it means is that the null hypothesis has not been disproven- hence the term failure to reject. A failure to reject a hypothesis should not be confused with acceptance. In mathematics, negations are typically formed by simply placing the word â€Å"not† in the correct place. Using this convention, tests of significance allow scientists to either reject or not reject the null hypothesis. It sometimes takes a moment to realize that â€Å"not rejecting† is not the same as accepting. Null Hypothesis Example In many ways, the philosophy behind a test of significance is similar to that of a trial. At the beginning of the proceedings, when the defendant enters a plea of â€Å"not guilty,† it is analogous to the statement of the null hypothesis. While the defendant may indeed be innocent, there is no plea of â€Å"innocent† to be formally made in court. The alternative hypothesis of â€Å"guilty† is what the prosecutor attempts to demonstrate. The presumption at the outset of the trial is that the defendant is innocent. In theory, there is no need for the defendant to prove that he or she is innocent. The burden of proof is on the prosecuting attorney, who must marshal enough evidence to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Likewise, in a test of significance, a scientist can only reject the null hypothesis by providing evidence for the alternative hypothesis. If there is not enough evidence in a trial to demonstrate guilt, then the defendant is declared â€Å"not guilty.† This claim has nothing to do with innocence; it merely reflects the fact that the prosecution failed to provide enough evidence of guilt. In a similar way, a failure to reject the null hypothesis in a significance test does not mean that the null hypothesis is true. It only means that the scientist was unable to provide enough evidence for the alternative hypothesis. For example, scientists testing the effects of a certain pesticide on crop yields might design an experiment in which some crops are left untreated and others are treated with varying amounts of pesticide. Any result in which the crop yields varied based on pesticide exposure- assuming all other variables are equal- would provide strong evidence for the alternative hypothesis (that the pesticide does affect crop yields). As a result, the scientists would have reason to reject the null hypothesis.

The unique features of Newar Buddhism and their development Essay

The unique features of Newar Buddhism and their development - Essay Example This study will be concentrated on the special features of Newar Buddhism with regard to its organizational structure and major activities of its Sa-gha . In order to outline and evaluate the complex connections among the many important factors, this discussion shall be divided into three parts. A brief historic synopsis will give a general overview of the evolution of Buddhism in Nepal. Then the relevant features of Newar Buddhism, with respect to its own evolution, shall be presented. Finally, in the last part, there will be made an attempt to evaluate the influence of these features on the decline of Newar Buddhism. The mythology of Nepal reaches far back to countless eons, accounting for the lives of twenty-four previous mortal Buddhas4. According to the myth, the Katmandu Valley was a lake before Maà ±juÅ›rÄ « drained it with his sword to make it inhabitable. However, even in more recent times legends have remained difficult to separate from historic facts.5 The first of the five historic periods of the Katmandu Valley lasts until the 5th century AD and includes mythical and semi-mythical dynasties, such as the GopÄ la, the AhÄ «r and the KirÄ ta6. At least the KirÄ ta are known from traditional chronicles, and are said to have ruled the Katmandu Valley during the time of ÅšÄ kyamuni Buddha. The first major Indian power that recorded in relations to the Katmandu Valley was the early Gupta dynasty (1st – 4th century AD).7 Whereas Ashoka’s earlier visit to Kapilavasu in the 3rd century BC is accepted by historians, his alleged visit to the Katmandu Valley is not. The second period refers to the rule over a small area within the Katmandu Valley by the aristocratic Licchavi family (about 464 – 880 AD), which is known as the first line of Nepalese kings.8 The Chinese pilgrim Hsà ¼an-tsang recorded that various monasteries (Skt vihÄ ras) existed9 in the 7th century side by side with Hindu temples.

Effective Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Effective Leadership and Management - Essay Example Leadership skills direct everyone in the group towards the same direction and harness their efforts collectively. Leadership is about energizing the people towards a goal and does contribute significantly. Therefore in simple terms, it can be said that leadership is the ability of an individual to influence a group or an individual in a cooperative manner that helps in achieving the organizational goals. Leaders are seen and expected to have excellent skills for maintaining human relations. Human relation is the term that signifies how well an individual can adjust with each other while working in a group. Groups that work well together, has respect for each other and have an understanding between them surely perform better than any other group that is characterized by hostility, misunderstanding, negative feeling and lack of respect between the members (Burrow, Everard and Kleindl, 2007). Hence, it becomes necessary that the leadership skills are there in every group, which will dri ve others to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. Thus, leadership is the key factor that leads to the success of the group. Management The term management is defined as the process of supervising and conducting a work in an efficient and effective manner to its completion through other people. In this definition, the term process refers to the primary activities of the manager. Efficiency and effectiveness deal with what the team is doing and how it could and will be done. Efficiency is about conducting the task in a correct manner and maintaining the relationship between outputs and inputs. For example, in cases where the output is more than the given effort, it referred as increased efficiency. Increase is efficiency is also signified by same output from fewer numbers of resources (Denning, 2013). Hence, good management is concerned about achieving the goal in an efficient and effective manner, thereby minimizing the cost involved in the resources. The components of management processes are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Planning is the component that covers defining the organizational goals, creating a strategy with the aim at accomplishing these goals, developing the hierarchy plan and coordinating the whole process for achieving these goals. Organizing includes helping the individuals to identify their tasks, ascertaining how and by whom the task will be accomplished, who will be coordinating the whole activity and how the decision making will be done. Leading is the process of guiding and getting the work done. This is the process where the managers will aim at motivating the employees, direct the activities, selecting the effective communication channel and resolving the conflicts that the group members may have. The last step is controlling which is concerned with the monitoring the performance of the employees and the actual performances are compared to the set goals. On the basis of monitoring, rectifications are mad e if any deviation is found in the actual performance from the expected one (Robbins, et al., n.d.). Relationship between Leadership and Management Management and leadership cannot be separated. Regardless of locations, whether it is a school, factory, village, city, country, province or an organization, people with leadership rights are entitled to the management rights too. A leadership process certainly includes all the management proces

The korean conflict Essay Example for Free

The korean conflict Essay The Korean conflict had a number of factors that contributed to it. One of the factors although it is not the major one could be the size of Korea as a country which is small in the middle of large countries such as Russia, China and Japan. Because of this fact, each surrounding country wanted to take over Korea to be under their territory, something which Korea had trouble in dealing with. Most of the time, she could find herself under the control of the neighbors like China which controlled her at intervals for over 1000 years. The major cause of the conflict came into play when Japan took control of Korea just like the other neighboring countries had done. They ruled Korea from 1904 until the end of the World War II when the Soviet Union and the United States of America joined forces to drive Japanese out of the Korean territory. They agreed that after the Soviet Union was to rule in the north with the United States taking the Southern Korean. The 38 parallel was to make the dividing line between the North and the South Korea. The two countries ruled for a period of two years after which they both left Korea. The North which was under the Soviet Union leadership was left with a communist government while the south which was under the leadership of the US, a democratic government was left behind . Because of the need for unity between the north and the south, problems started. There were two governments in place: one formed by the southern people which was a democratic government and the other one was a communist government. The northern government formed the democratic people’s republic of Korea which was headed by Kim II Sung as a prime minister and the southern government was led by Syngman Rhee who was their president. The north wanted Korea unified as a communist state with the south advocating for a democratic state. Elections were held to form a single government between the North and the south and were supposed to be supervised by the UN to ensure that they were fair. Elections were held, of which the South was declared to have been undertaken in a free and fair way but the Northern region’s elections could not be accepted because the UN supervisors could not be allowed into the North by the Soviets who were present. As a result, they were declared unacceptable. This led to formation of the separate states. Disputes started to emerge between the two sides with each side becoming more aggressive . The United States pulled out its soldiers from the south from 40,000 who were there to only 500 soldiers and limited the number of weapons they were sending to the region. This was partly because of the fear of the southern president attacking the North and also because of the policy that had been passed in the US concerning Asia (NSC 48/2) . Because of the power that the Soviet and China had developed through military advancement such that by 1949 they already had a nuclear bomb, the US opted for a different way of resolving the conflict other than war . In 1950, the troops from North Korea launched a surprise attack on the south. The UN intervened and called an emergency meeting on the same day but the meeting was boycotted by the Russian security delegation because the UN had recognized Chiang Kai-Shek’s government as the official government in Taiwan and ignored Mao’s communist rule in Beijing. At the meeting, it was claimed by the US that North Korea had interfered with world peace by attacking South Korea. America wanted North Korean troops to back off from the 38 parallel, a view that was supported by nine out of the eleven member countries. On 27th of June 1950, the US suggested that the UN should use force to get the North Korean troops out of the south because of them boycotting the Security Council . The UN formulated its plans in which 16 member states were to provide troops under the joint command of the UN which could support the South Korean army. The UN troops were under the command of an American General MacArthur. The UN troops launched an attack against the North Korean troops in September of 1950 and managed to effectively cut North Korean army into two and managed to push them out of the south. They continued advancing to the North Korean territory despite the warnings from China. This led to an attack on the UN troops by China between 1950 and 1951 managing to push back the UN forces. MacArthur was sucked by President Truman after they had clashed generating the war into a stalemate between the UN and China. They agreed on a ceasefire at Panmunjon in 1953 which still exists to date . The reasons that brought about conflicts between the North and South Korea were not justified. This was not North Korean verses South Korean war but instead it was a war between the US and the Soviet Union. It was the battle for supremacy between the US and the Soviet Union that fueled the conflicts between the two regions. In the first place, they are the ones who brought differences between the north and the south by first dividing them and instilling in them different forms of governance. Because of the effects that the war could have on the people of both the South and North Korea, the Northern troops could have desisted from entering the southern territory. From the start, it was evident that because of the differences that existed between the two, forming a unity government could do them more harm than good hence they should have continued with the separate governments they had formed . The cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union was more or less the same as the Korean conflict because it was still the struggle for supremacy between the Soviet Union and the US led to these wars. It was because of President Woodrow Wilson’s commitment to liberal internationalism that was aimed at promoting democracy together with free enterprise that conflicted with the Soviet Unions’ world wide class revolution which was aimed at bringing a socialist future that triggered the cold war. Differing economic interests between the two is also thought to have brought about the conflict. The US was out to create a new currency stabilizing scheme which the Soviet Union was opposed to because it was based on American capitalism. The issue of military superiority also had a hand in the conflict. The Soviet Union was the second most powerful and the US felt threatened by it. Therefore, it was keen on increasing its military capacity. The two came face to face in their fight for supremacy and had to deal with one another . Looking at the factors that led to the Korean conflict and those that contributed to the cold war, it is evident that the driving force between the two was the battle for supremacy between the Soviet Union and the US. These battles had significant effects to both states. It led to an expensive arms race which involved development of nuclear weapons, brought about alliances between states for and against each of the two and also had economic implications. They also led to propaganda wars and created a military and bureaucracy complex. It was not healthy for both of them and the world at large because of the tensions that it brought with them. Therefore, it is important for measures to be put in place to ensure that there is sovereignty among countries to avoid conflicts. BIBLIOGRAPHY Burton Ira Kaufman. The Korean conflict. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999. Robert Buzzanco, â€Å"What Happened to the New Left? Toward a Radical Reading of American Foreign Relations† Diplomatic History, Vol 23 No 4 Fall, 1999, pp. 575-607 Roger George Stoven. Korean conflict: negotiation vs. armed settlement. Minnesota: Mankato State College, 1972. Mahavir Prasad Srivastava. The Korean conflict: search for unification. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India (1982). Melvyn P Lefler. A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992). Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: from Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA, 1996)

Children of the Camps Essay -- Holocaust European History Nazi Germany

Children of the Camps During the Holocaust, millions of Jews, gypsies, and members of other groups were persecuted and murdered by Nazi occupied Europe. However, many forget to acknowledge that among these were children. It may never be known exactly how many children were murdered but it is said that as many as some 1.5 million children may have fell victim to the Nazi party. Although children were not a main target of the Nazi’s violence, they did fall subject to persecution along with their parents. Jewish children were first exposed to persecution in school. Many of their friends who were not Jewish began not socializing with them and even began to treat them in prejudice ways. This was soon followed with the announcement that, â€Å"German Jewish children were prohibited from attending German schools† (www.mtsu.edu/.baustin/children.html). The life of children had quickly become as torn apart as their parents. However, there were more efforts to help the children escape the grips of the Nazi rule. Before 1939, several thousand children were able to escape in â€Å"Kindertransports† to the Netherlands, Great Britain, Palestine, and the United States† (www.mtsu.edu/.baustin/children.html). Those who were not able to escape were placed in ghettos and transit camps. These ghettos and transit camps served as the foreground to the death and slave labor camps that would soon follow. It was written in a Jewish diary,† A Jewish ghetto in the traditional sense is impossible; certainly a closed ghetto is unconceivable† (Dwork, p.155). Infact many of these ghettos were â€Å"closed† meaning that the Jews that occupied the ghettos were forbidden to leave the area. Within the ghettos, there was belittlement of life. The segregated streets often had no working stores and closed places of worship. This left the isolated inhabitants subject to starvation, disease, and early death. Next came the death and slave labor camps. These were most often the last stop before they were killed. Upon entering a camp, the Jews were separated. They were separated into women, children, working age, men, and the old. Furthermore, the children were separated into three age groups: â€Å"(1) infants and toddlers up to age 6; (2) young children ages 7 to 12; and (3) adolescents from 13 to 18 years old† (www.mtssu.edu/.baustin/children.html). Women, children who fall in the first age group... ...own on the benches all around and were cheerful and happy that they had been for once allowed out of Neuengamme. The children were completely unsuspecting† (www.auschwitz.dk/bullenhuser.html). The children were told that they would be receiving a vaccination. In reality, they were injected with morphine and then hung on hooks on the wall to die. However, the children were so light from malnutrition and disease that their own weight would not strangle them. Instead, they hung the children two at a time so that there was enough weight to kill them. It was later noted, â€Å" none of the children cried† (www.auschwitz.dk/bullenhuser.html). As one can imagine, all children who lived thru the Holocaust, were subject to inhuman conditions. Life was stripped from them and in return handed a small piece of hell that they could call their own. Though there were those who were fortunate enough to witness better days, some were left with that small piece of hell as their final destiny. Whether it was the children of the ghettos and camps or the tortured souls of the Bullenhuser School children, it may be the cries of the children that are most often unheard in the story of the Holocaust.

Changing Role of Managerial Accounting in a Dynamic Business Environment Essay

Managerial accountants more and more are considered â€Å"business partners. † B. Managerial accountants often are part of cross-functional teams. C. An increasing number of organizations are segregating managerial accountants in separate managerial-accounting departments. D. In a number of companies, managerial accountants make significant business decisions and resolve operating problems. E. The role of managerial accountants has changed considerably over the past decade. The day-to-day work of management teams will typically comprise all of the following activities except: A. decision making. B. planning. C. cost minimizing. D. directing operational activities. E. controlling. Answer: C LO: 2 Type: RC 3. Which of the following functions is best described as choosing among available alternatives? Which of the following functions best describes this process? A. Decision making. B. Planning. C. Coordinating. D. Controlling. E. Organizing. Answer: D LO: 2 Type: N 7. Which of the following is not an objective of managerial accounting? A. Providing information for decision making and planning. B. Assisting in directing and controlling operations. C. Maximizing profits and minimizing costs. D. Measuring the performance of managers and subunits. E. Motivating managers toward the organization’s goals. Answer: C LO: 3 Type: RC 8. The role of managerial accounting information in assisting management is a(n): A. inancial-directing role. B. attention-directing role. C. planning and controlling role. D. organizational role. E. problem-solving role. Answer: B LO: 3 Type: RC 9. Employee empowerment involves encouraging and authorizing workers to take initiatives to: A. improve operations. B. reduce costs. C. improve product quality. D. improve customer service. E. all of the above. Answer: E LO: 3 Type: RC 10. The process of encouraging and authorizing workers to take appropriate initiatives to improve the overall firm is commonly known as: A. planning and control. B. employee empowerment.

The Dark Side of the Roaring Twenties

The Roaring Twenties, most of the things we hear about the twenties are of good, happy times and of advances in technology and medicine. When we picture the twenties, we picture people dancing, listening to jazz and driving Model Ts. Also, in the twenties, the pretty was quite prosperous. But, there was a dark side to the Roaring Twenties. Those years there were some troubling trends and events, which many forget when thinking of that decade; prohibition, organized crime, nativism and the return of the Ku Klux Klan. Ironically, the twenties are often thought of as a time with careless drinking, when actually, it was illegal in that decade to sell or consume alcohol. On January 16th, 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment went into effect. A ban on the manufacturing and distribution on alcohol was written into the United States Constitution. This ban was called Prohibition. People held mock funerals the day before the amendment came to pass. Some people and businesses even spent the weeks prior to the amend. ent stockpiling liquor. Prohibition came to be due to almost a century of effort that started with the temperance movement in the early nineteenth century. After the years of the American Revolution, there was a huge increase in drinking and alcohol consumption. Saloons began to pop up everywhere as hard working men tended to escape loneliness and exhaustion by drinking. Saloons also provided settings for other illegal activities such as prostitution and gambling. A number of people noticed the effects of alcohol consumption and began to try and stop it. First, they encouraged people to just limit their intake of alcohol; however, they eventually began to encourage complete abstinence. As time went on, these reformers went to political action and government intervention. Also, medical research began to show evidence on how alcohol consumption affected people’s health. Concern also arose about how much power breweries wielded as they pursued high profits. More groups, such as the Methodist Church, Women’s Christian Temperance Union, the Anti-Saloon League and the Prohibition Party began to join the movement against alcohol. All of these forces came together to help the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment. Prohibition caused a huge division in the people and citizens in the United States. One side supported the law, who were later identified as â€Å"Drys†, while the other side wanted to put an end to prohibition, identified as â€Å"Wets†. It was also very much disliked in areas with high immigrant populations. This resentment towards prohibition was due to the fact that it banned a practice that was acceptable in their own cultures. However, despite the law, people continued to drink. Some, who were too poor to afford liquor from bootleggers, resorted to brewing their own at home. The places where people would drink illegally were called speakeasies. There were also places called blind pigs, which were businesses that were designed to look legitimate, but housed a bar in a back room. To access these blind pigs and speakeasies, a password was typically required in order to ensure one wasn’t with, or associated, to law enforcement. Prohibition also led to a rise in organized crime. Organized crime did exist before prohibition, but gangs and mobsters saw another great area of profit with prohibition. By providing people who were willing to break the law with illegal liquor, they could make a fortune. But then, as more gangs began to compete, violence also increased. This is the time when the infamous gang leader, Al Capone, made his name. Eventually the atmosphere of lawlessness, violence and suspicion the prohibition created made people more and more uncomfortable. People then began to find the cost of prohibition too high and most did not see drinking, at least in moderation, as sinful. Prohibition finally ended in 1933 with the Twenty-first Amendment. Another issue that arose in the twenties was nativism. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, immigrants were welcomed into the United States because the country was growing and industrializing. Due to this, laborers were needed. Also, the United States was always proud of being a refuge for people fleeing hardship or mistreatment in their own countries, or looking for new opportunities for themselves and their children. Before 1890, most of the immigrants had come from the same countries as those who first settled in America. So they typically shared the same values as the original settlers. In the beginning of the twentieth century, most of the immigrants came from southern and eastern European countries. Some also came from Puerto Rico, the West Indies and Mexico. In contrast to the Protestant majority, these newer immigrants tended to be Catholics or Jews, and had different morals and values. By World War I, immigrants were pouring into the United States, and the majority of those immigrants were of this new variety. This alarmed the citizens on the United States. They felt their ways of life were threatened by the ways and beliefs of the newcomers. It was not just that the immigrants were economic competitors, or that their strange cultural practices threatened traditional values. It was also that they were thought to be harvesting dangerous and radical ideas about politics and social order. It was said they believed in socialism and anarchy. But most of the immigrants were too preoccupied by survival to worry about politics. They faced things such as poverty, mistreatment and struggled with learning a new language and fitting into a new foreign society. Nativism sentiment led to an event known as the Red Scare. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer became the leading figure in a movement promoting â€Å"one-hundred percent Americanism†. Palmer led a campaign against communists and other radicals and others who were thought to have the wrong ideas of America. Federal agents arrested more than four thousand suspects who were threatened with deportation, of which two hundred and forty-nine were sent back to Russia. Nativism also led to the rebirth and return of the Ku Klux Klan. In the previous century, the Klan was a group of white southerners who wreaked havoc on African Americans in an attempt to keep whites in control of the South after the Civil War. This time around though, they widened their focus to not only non-whites, but to non-Protestants as well. They also didn’t just stay in the southeastern states anymore, they spread all over the United States. Depending on where Klan members were located, they had different focuses. For example, members in New York primarily focused on Jews; in California, Japanese were targeted, while Mexicans were the victims in Texas. The Klan ran a campaign to recruit members and grew to about five million members, These members performed many of the same acts as the Klan did in the previous century such as; beatings, lynching and acts of intimidation (the most known being the burning of crosses on lawns). These acts spurred an investigation of the Klan in 1921, which, in turn, ended up giving publicity to the Klan and gaining them more members. The Ku Klux Klan gained more influence as some politicians began to support their cause. In 1924, however, the Klan’s numbers dwindled and their influence declined and they lost their legitimacy. All of these factors are not so widely thought about when thinking of the Roaring Twenties. But they brought much darkness to the decade and led to many events and trials that also contribute to the darkness. The twenties are masked by visions of dancing and driving cars. But the care-free and fun-loving thoughts of the twenties just disguise the dirty and grimy parts of them. From the lawlessness and organized crime provoked by prohibition to the hate crimes brought upon by nativism, there is no doubt that there was indeed a dark side to the Roaring Twenties.

Essay on Encyclopedia of American Business

Essay on Encyclopedia of American Business Essay on Encyclopedia of American Business Essay on Encyclopedia of American BusinessThere is no doubt that the dramatic period of the 1960s and early 1970s was a time of significant changes characterized by one of the most severe crises of the capitalist system itself. In those times, it was possible to see various changes concerning the emergence of new nations all over the world, the appearance of insurgent movements, struggling to overturn the existing governments, the establishment of countries that grew in order to become economic powerhouses and then to complete with the United States, and the rise of economic relations that came in order to predominate in the world and recognize the fact that military operations could not be the only possible way for expansion or growth.In fact, during those critical times, the administration of President Richard Nixon greatly responded to the dramatic changes of the late 1960s and early 1970s. He not only continued the attack against crime, but also approved the Equal Rights Amendmen t to guarantee equal rights for women.However, one of the most remarkable changes of those times was considered to be intervention in the marketplace. The government launched many new programs that completely contributed to the country’s prosperity. Oddly enough, but spending financial resources on both wars (the Vietnam War and the war on poverty), greatly contributed to the country’s prosperity in the short-term perspective. However, the government’s inability to raise taxes in order to cover those efforts has led to inflation that completely destroyed this prosperity. As a result, President Nixon ‘imposed price and wage controls’ (Folsom and Boulware 364) as well as rent-control laws in order to take control over inflation.In conclusion, the dramatic period of the 1960s and early 1970s was a time of significant changes characterized by one of the most severe crises in all the spheres of people’s lives. Indeed, one of the most remarkable ch anges of those times was intervention in the marketplace. It was primary characterized by price and wage controls as well as rent-control laws.

Write a Book About Your Business to Boost Your Sales and Awareness

Write a Book About Your Business to Boost Your Sales and Awareness Write a Book About Your Business to Boost Your Sales and Awareness So you have a business that you are rather proud of. That’s fantastic! And what would make things even better would be writing a book about your business.Why not? After all, you have already created a vital business, and helping others would validate your trade and diversify it as well. A published book is passive income.In addition to becoming an author, you would be marketing your business through a different venue. We’re talking win-win here!Heres what well teach you about how to write a book about your business:Brainstorm Your Book ContentConsiderations for Writing a Book About Your BusinessChoosing a Title for Your BookWrite Your book Get Feedback From FriendsFinish Fast and ImperfectlyCreate folders for imagesChoose a publishing platformNOTE: If youre ready to grow your business by writing a book (like Chandler Bolt did with this very company), we have everything you need in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereWhy Write a Book About Your Busin ess?This is an obvious question. You already run your business every day, what good could come from writing a book about it?Here are some benefits of writing a book about your business:You gain authorityYou reach new potential customersYou gain opportunities for speaking engagementsYou can capture more leads by using your bookYou gain credibility to both potential customers and others in your fieldThis very blog is built on the back of a website that was started with a book. Chandler Bolt published his first bestselling book at the age of 19 and since, has built an 8-figure business from the process- while using his latest book Published. to make it more successful.Brainstorm Your Business Books ContentYou have already experienced the step-by-step process of establishing your own livelihood whether it is full time or a sideline. Now all you have to do is explain what you did to grow your business.One strategy is to pretend you are advising a close friend what steps to take.Here are some ways to come up with your book idea:Brainstorm a random list of everything you remember doing when you started your business.Don’t stop now; keep brainstorming! List everything you want to include in the bookand even things that won’t go in the book. If it crosses your mind, write it down. Well put all of that into a book outline later.Take a break. Walk away from the computer! Eat, drink, walk, or talk.Break’s over. You’ve got a book to write!List the process of how you created and grew your business in chronological order. This list is your reference point for an informal outline and table of contents.Prioritize. What are the top topics that you want to emphasize in your book? What do you wish you would have known when first starting your business? Most importantly, what will your readers gain from learning about your business? Let them learn from your mistakes and share in your successes.Make each topic a separate chapter even if it is really shor t.People like concise information, so keep your paragraphs short. Incorporate bullet points that shoot straight to the core matter for easier skimming.Look through old computer files and photographs to remind you of things that you may have forgotten connected directly or indirectly with your business.Check your lists more than twice. Did you remember to include everything that matters?Once youve got the gist of what content your book will be, youll be ready for the next step in your business-to-book writing process.What to Consider When Writing a Book About Your BusinessThere are a few things youll want to think about when writing your book about your business.Here are some thins to consider before writing your book.#1 Do I want photographs in my book?Depending on your business, you may find it worthwhile to add pictures in your book for explanation purposes or something just as relevant.For example, in my book Rockin Crystals: How Healing Crystals Can Rock Your Life, I used image s in a number of areas as you can see below.Advantages of using images in your book:Color pictures add, um, color, and people like color.Photos attract interest and authority.Pictures explain in ways that words lack (unless you use 1,000 words per picture, according to the cliche).Cell phones and their apps make it easy to take and edit pictures.Disadvantages of using pictures in your book:They add to your book’s production costs.The electronic version may take a bit longer to download (but I have never had a problem with that).If you have an audio version of your book, the pictures would not be included in the content.Ultimately, its up to you to decide whether or not to include pictures. If it adds to the overall experience, we recommend it.However, if pictures will only be a distraction and not useful, skip them.#2 How long do I want this book to be, anyway?Does it matter, or do I just write until I am done?This is a question many authors have regularly. How many words ar e in a novel?For writing a book about your business, we recommend you write between 20,000 50,000 words.This is because any shorter, and it wont give your readers all the information they want and more than 50,000 words and you run the risk of boring your readers or giving them too much information.This is also known as overwriting, which can be trimmed during editing but you want to make sure your book is a clean, concise, and helpful as possible.#3 Do I want multiple formats of a book?Publishing your book in different formats can help you reach a wider audience. But that also means you have to decide if you want to pursue multiple formats.Here are the different book formats you can publish:Publish an ebookPaperback bookHardcoverAudiobooksEach of these book variations comes with its own pros and cons. For example, if you choose to distribute an audiobook, youll have to learn how to make an audiobook in the first place.Publishing ebooks also comes with its own set of rules to foll ow.Ultimately, its recommended to publish a version of each in order to maximize your audience, but do what works best for you.Choosing a Title for Your BookPeople like knowing other people’s business. Call them curious, call them snoopy, just call to them to buy your book to learn about your business. Teach them your secrets.Here are some overall tips for titling a book from the Self-Publishing School Youtube Channel. If you want some additional tips for choosing a book title, heres what worked for me:A book about a business is a niche market, so make sure that your title makes the topic clear. For example, The Craft Fair Vendor Guidebook lets the reader know that the book is a guide about being a craft fair vendor. The subtitle, Ideas to Inspire, adds another element to the reader’s expectations. The cover’s photograph shows a booth with handcrafted jewelry, another clue.In your book’s description, clearly explain what type(s) of business you will be co vering. People like to know what to expect and may feel tricked if the book’s description isn’t comprehensive enough. A suggestion is to write your book’s description before writing the book. It’s like a â€Å"thesis paragraph† to keep yourself focused. You can keep revising the overview to fit the book as it develops. Also, that gives you more time to decide if the description is its absolute best before uploading it onto your publishing site.Spell out examples of how your business practices can be applied to other ventures. The more crossover applications, the more types of people will be interested in your book.Although you want all of the book to be appealing, you want the first pages to be extra engaging because those are the pages that potential readers will see if they use the â€Å"Look inside† feature on Amazon.If you searched for a book about someone else’s business, what details did you want to learn? Cover these topics in your book and then some- bonus points if you use a unique take on them.Writing a Book About Your BusinessNow that youve got to the meat of what youre writing about, you have a clear outline for your book, and you even have a title on hand, its time to write your book.These are my best tips for writing a book about your business in order to get it right.#1 Look over your brainstorming notesIt always pays to have your notes handy in case there are items you forgot about that are beneficial to include.Heres a few things to keep in mind when going back over your notes:Are there any important pieces of information that didnt make it into the outline?What bits and pieces of your notes can make your book more unique than others on the market?Is there anything you feel you need in your book that you didnt include in the outline before?Once youve got those notes, move on to the next step.#2 Get feedback from friendsTell a friend who doesn’t know much about business about your book.N otice the questions your friend asks because readers will most likely have the same questions. These are very important to take note of because theyre what youll directly answer and address in your book.Take those questions and create sections in your chapters to answer them specifically.#3 Develop a writing time and habitThe best way youll get your book done is to form a writing routine that will enable you to finish your book faster.You can set a scheduled time each day to write and notify those around you that it is your time to work on your book.These are our top tips for developing a writing habit:Create a writing schedule like the one featured aboveEliminate distractions that will keep you from writingFind a writing space thats 100% dedicated to writing your bookStick with it for the first few weeks before it forms into a habitFind others who can keep you accountableForming this habit can be the hardest part of writing a book about your business- especially because your busin ess takes up a lot of time.Using these tips will help.#4 Finish fast and with faultWorry about grammar laterbut please do worry about it later- editing your book is important!I recommend just plowing through in order to finish your first draft faster. After all, done is better than perfect.Plus, you cant edit a blank page and one of the biggest indicators of success for aspiring authors is finishing your first draft.#5 Create folders for imagesThis is a very important part of keeping all of your books contents organized so you dont make the mistakes of losing something thats vital.If you are going to have pictures, create folders to keep them organized.You can use Google Drive to store all of your photos so its easier to collaborate with your book formatter or editor.Another option is to use Dropbox for storing photos for your book.You can read about more pieces of writing software you can use for writing your book as well.The big takeaway with storing your images in folders, howe ver, is that you know exactly where everything is and can keep track of it through the proofing, editing, and publishing process.#6 Choose a publishing platformIf you are going to publish your book through more than one platform, definitely have folders to keep everything straight, like in the image below.Here are a few publishing platforms you can use:Amazon Kindle Direct PublishingBarnes and Noble PressIngramsparkLuluThere are other self-publishing companies out there but these are the top recommended.Another thing to keep in mind when choosing your publishing platform is that KDP and Barnes and Noble offer free ISBNs (only for distribution on their channels), while Ingramspark does not.However, Self-Publishing School students are recommended to buy unique ISBNs anyways, so you can distribute on multiple platforms in the future.#7 Read each chapter aloudYou can do this to yourself or even to others to see how it flows and to see what questions or suggestions your listeners may h ave.The reason for this is because you can often catch a lot of issues like your style, flow, or even sentence structure when reading aloud that you wont catch if you read it in your head.This is a great way to proof and self-edit your book.#8 Just keep writing Until you have covered everything important, just keep writing. Its the best way to write faster and finish your first draft.Dont think about anything else and just write.When you start worrying about your book or how itll be received, cast the thoughts aside and get back to it. Youll never publish a book if you cant finish it.#9 Proofread and reviseThe next step for writing a book about your business is to proofread it and reviseuntil you cant stand to look at your book any longer.Make notes in areas you want to change or you want your editor to pay special attention to.A great way to do this is to type TK into the text of your document so you can later do a search and find all TKs in your manuscript. This will only bring up those areas for you to rewrite or proof because TK doesnt appear next to each other in the English language.#10 Get feedback on the whole bookAsk people to give you feedback on the full book. They need to have excellent grammar skills and be detail-oriented.This is also known as the beta reading process or less commonly, the alpha reading process.The idea here is to have others give you direct and raw feedback about your book and what you can do to make it better.Here are some questions to ask people giving you feedback on your book:Was everything clear and easy to understand?What was your biggest takeaway from it?Did you find any parts boring or slow?What other feedback do you have that I didnt ask you about?Doing this will help ensure your published product is the best it can be for new readers.#11 Let it sitWhen you feel like you are done, don’t look at your manuscript for days, maybe even a week or two. Then go back with fresh eyes.You will find more errors to fix!Th e reason for this is to separate yourself from your work a bit. The longer youre away from your own work, the easier it is to determine its flaws, which will help you write a better book overall.#12 Publish Your Book About Your BusinessWhen you believe that your book is at its best, it is time to publish it.Search for the advantages and disadvantages of the publishing options and make your decision. Obviously, Im a big proponent of self-publishing a book, but you can check out this blog post about the differences between self-publishing vs traditional publishing.From there, you can prepare a launch party and gather your launch team. Upload your book and congratulate yourself! Exciting days are ahead!Are you ready to write your own book about your business?You can start TODAY! Check out this free training by Chandler Bolt to get started.

Safety management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Safety management - Assignment Example Different players have various responsibilities to act in the creation of awareness of radiation hazards, preparedness of response and prevention of occurrence of incidents from mishandling of radiation materials. The roles of various agencies should be set out clearly in terms of efforts, capacities and response if timely, coordinated and effective assistance will be given in case of a radiation crisis. Health and environmental risk assessment are crucial aspects of a strategic action plan. Risk assessment indicates an approximation of the impending impact of the incident to the general public so as to anticipate and prevent future occurrences. The preliminary estimate of doses of reaction exposed are used as a base for assessment. Radiation poses a great threat to the public health since the initial symptoms are hardly recognizable for immediate action to be taken. As such, the general public is highly vulnerable to radioactive injuries. Local Emergency Response Plan is vital in the strategic action plan as it crucial in the assessment of both regional and local response capabilities, resources, occupancies and conditions. This helps in preventing under resources areas from suffering adversely from radioactive materials as a result of incapacitation. Awareness in terms of causes, health and environmental effects and storage of radioactive materials is crucial in the strategic action plan as it boost the preparedness of the public and the health practitioners should there be a radioactive threat. This enables the general public to acquire the initial skills through training. Continued planning, exercise of the preventive and combative measures are effective in enhancing preparedness. Furthermore, during emergencies, the public can refer to a publication by IAEA and WHO â€Å"How to Recognize and Initially Respond to an Accidental Radiation